Compositional Characterization of Endosperm (Guar Gum) of Six Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Genotypes Grown in Sudan

Compositional characterization of endosperm (guar gum) from Six guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Genotypes Grown in Sudan * Murwan K. Sabahelkheir H. Abdelwahab Abdallah ** and * Department of Biochemistry, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al Neelain University, Sudan ** Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan. Abstract: This study was conducted in 1999, University of Khartoum. Six guar genotypes were grown in the Sudan from 45 genotypes selected for the study. The results showed that of the chemical composition of the endosperm of guar seed as follows: 4 8-8. 7% moisture, 3 5-5. 0% protein, 0 5-0. 9% ether extract, 0 5-0. 8% ash, 1 4-2. 0% crude fiber and 83 3-87. 5% carbohydrates during physical signs are: 1 2337 refractive index, 0 20-0. 47 relative viscousty (distilled water as a solvent), 0 37 -. 56 relative viscousty (4% NaCl as a solvent), 5 0-7. 0 pH value, from 20 to 76 specific rotation, and 0 -. 035 0. 050 optical density. Ash compositions of endosperm are: 13 000-19. 000 ppm potassium, 55 000-100. 000 ppm sodium, 2 500-13. 000% magnesium, 15 000-22. 000% phosphorus and 11 000-38. 000 ppm of iron. The total available carbohydrates such as mannose and galactose were ranged 67-73% and 28-33%, respectively. Ratio of mannose to galactose was 2:1 in the endosperm. Keywords: Guar, endosperm, mannose and galactose. 1. 0 Introduction guar seed (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) of the trunk (30 -33%), endosperm (27 -30%) and Keim (43 -47%) together. The germ and hull of the guar as guar flour, rich in protein, will be used for animal feed known. The seed has toxic effects, but lately advanced research was carried out on the seeds to reduce its toxic effect and the proper animal nutrition as a rich source of protein (Murwan, 1999). The endosperm is commercially important role in guar seeds, since it is converted into powder rubber. It contains 41% of dry matter and acetone insoluble solids from the seed, 3 to 11% of the nitrogen and phosphorus. At least 75% of acetone insoluble solids of the endosperm are galactomannose and 12% being accounted for as pentosans, protein, pectin, phytin, ash, and dilute acid insoluble residue (John, 1976). The Guar is a crop gained economic importance after the discovery of rubber-like substance (galactomannan) in its endosperm (Murwan, 2008) galactomannans are together from 1 to 4 mannan backbone with varying degrees on a 1 to 6 of galactose substitution and found in the cell walls of legume endosperm (Marten et al., 2001). Guar seeds are a rich source of mucilage or gum which forms a viscous gel in cold water and an emulsifier, thickener, stabilizer in a wide range of food and industrial application uses (Marina et al, 2007). Guar galactomannan has a mannose to galactose (M: G) ratio of 6:1 (Edwards et al, 1992). Pure mannan without galactose is completely insoluble in water and the increasing substitution of galactose to increase the solubility of the polymer, by attending (Noble, 1986 and Stephen, have become) 1983. The mannose to galactose ratio of 2:1, guar gum is insoluble in organic solvents, molecular weight range is 50 000-80. 000 and rubber is a white to yellowish white, nearly odorless, free flowing powder with a mild flavor (Yoko, 2008). Objectives of this study were estimated to have grown the next analysis, physical properties of minerals content, mannose, galactose, mannose, galactose, and ratio of tannin content of endosperm of guar sex genotypes in Sudan. 2. 0 Material and Methodology 2 1 collection and processing of samples: Sex guar genotypes (X1H6, X1H7, X2H0, X2H4, X2H6 and X2H8) were collected by the Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, and the University of Khartoum, Sudan. The seeds of the guar sex genotypes were soaked in water for 12 hours and then slapped his hand to separate the endosperm from the hull and germ. The separated endosperm were then dried at 105oC and then ground to go to 0. 2 mm sieve. 2. 2 Chemical analysis: protein, moisture, ether extract, ash and crude fiber content was determined described by AOAC (1984). Carbohydrate content was calculated by difference. 2. 3 Physical Analysis: refractive indices, determined the specific rotation, relative viscousty, pH value was ad-optical density, described by AOAC (1990). 2. 4 Ash composition: mineral content of endosperm were extracted by the method of Pearson (described 1970). The measurement of minerals was done using atomic absorption. 2. 5 Total available carbohydrates: total available carbohydrate content of the endosperm have been identified and described in the anthrone method of Clegg (1958). Galactose and mannose dilution: 100 mg of galactose were dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water (1 mg = 10 ml). Then 10 ml of a strong galactose solution was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water to dilute the solution of galactose. The same procedure was done to dilute the mannose anthrone reagent (0. 1%): 100 mg anthrone in 100 ml of sulfuric acid solution (270 ml concentrated H2SO4 was dissolved in 300 ml distilled water). Procedure: One ml of each diluted sample, galactose and mannose in a series of test tubes 1, 2 a.m. to 3 p.m., respectively pepetted. Then 5 ml of anthrone reagent was added each test tube, then contents of each test tube was heated in a water bath for 12 minutes and allow to cool to room temperature. Spectrophotometer at 360 nm was set up so that the scale zero map with distilled water. Then read the diluted sample, galactose and mannose were. CHO-galactose (mannose)% = 25 XBSXA Where: B = Reading diluted sample, A = Reading dilute galactose (mannose) and S = weight of sample 2 sources. 6 tannin: Quantitative determination of tannin was for each separate endosperm described using the modified vanillin-HCl in methanol method by Price et al (performed 1978). A standard curve was prepared to express the results as catechin equivalent, ie amount of catechin is (mg / ml), corresponding to a color intensity that given by tannins after correcting for blank. 2. 7 Statistical Analysis: A test of homogeneity of error variance for each variable was done according to Gomez and Gomez (1984). 3. 0Results and discussion 3rd 1 Chemical composition: Table 1 shows the composition of the next six genotypes endosperm of guar seeds. The moisture content of the endosperm ranged from 4th 8-8. 7% which is higher than that of Thomas (1980) and given less than reported by Stein, Hall and Co. (1962). The results showed that highly significant difference in moisture content at the level of (p? 0. 05). Protein content was 3rd 5 to 5 0%. The results are given in agreement with the results of Thomas (1980). These results showed there are significant differences in protein at the level of (p? 0. 05). Ether extract of endosperm ranged from 0 5 to 0 9% reported in the area of Mary (1988). The findings indicated that significant differences at the level of (p? 0. 05). The ash content ranged from 0 5 to 0 8%, within the range reported by Stein, Hall and Co. (1962), falls. The results showed a significant difference exists at the level of (p? 0. 05). Crude fiber content ranged from 1 4-2. 0%, which is online with this area of the stone, Hall and Co. (1962). Moreover, there is no significant difference in the level of (p? 0. 05). Carbohydrate content was of 83 can be varied. 3-87. 5%, is higher than the values of Thomas (1980) reported. The results showed a significant difference exists at the level of (p? 0. 05). 3. 2 Physical signs: Table 2 illustrates the physical properties of guar seed endosperm of six genotypes. The average values of the refractive index are: 1 2337. The results showed that there were no differences in refractive indices of concentration 0 1 mg / 100 ml for the entire endosperm. Relative viscousty the endosperm ranged from 0 20 to 0 47 (water as a solvent) and used different from 0. 37 to 0 65 (used 4% NaCl) as solvent. It was found that the relative viscousty is used in 4% NaCl as a solvent, is higher than that used distilled water as a solvent. These findings indicated that the relative viscosity revealed by the types of solvents, the results indicate that there are important differences in distilled water and 4% NaCl at the level of (p? 0 for. 05). pH values vary from 5th 0 – 7 0, the report within reach of Whistler (1954), fell. The findings indicated that significant differences at the level of (p? 0. 05). Specific rotation ranged from + 20 to + 76. In addition, there are significant differences at the level (p? 0. 05). Optical density ranges from 0 035-0. 050. The results showed that significant differences at the level of (p? 0. 05). 3. 3 Ash composition: Table 3 illustrates the composition of the ashes of six genotypes endosperm of guar seeds. The average range of 13 potassium. 000-19. 000 ppm. The findings indicated that there was no difference in the level significantly (p? 0. 05). Sodium content varies of 55 000-100. 000 ppm. The results showed that highly significant difference in the level of (p? 0. 05). Calcium from 3 were mean. 500-5. 500 ppm, gave the results that there were significant differences at the level (p? 0. 05). Magnesium content varies from 2 500-13. 000%. She pointed out that highly significant difference in the level of (p? 0. 05). The average values of phosphorus ranged from 15 500-22. 000%. The results showed that highly significant difference in the level of (p? 0. 05). Iron content varies from 11 000-38. 000 ppm. It turned out that it is highly significant difference in the level of (p? 0. 05). 3. 4 Total available carbohydrates and tannin content: Table 4 illustrates the total available carbohydrates and tannin content of endosperm of guar genotypes sex semen. Total available carbohydrates such as mannose ranged from 67 to 73%, while the total available carbohydrates such as galactose ranging from 28 to 33%. These results showed that the mannose to galactose ratio is 2: 1, these values up to Whistler (1954), Painter (1979) and (Yoko, given in 2008) is similar, but it is distinguished from (Edwards et al value 1992). The tanning was mg/100g 445 to 450. The results were similar for guar seeds soaked in water for different time intervals have been reported (Majed et al. 2006). Moreover, there is no significant difference in the level of (p? 0. 05). Conclusion: It is noted that the different chemical, physical, ash composition, total available carbohydrate and tannin content is controlled by genetic or environmental factors, among which plant material were tested Confirmation: Authors very grateful to the soul of Dr. Karmalla KA Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan, to which we express our thanks for his enormous patience continuous advice, careful and fundamental freedoms throughout the study. Reference: 1 AOAC (1984). Official Methods of Analysis. 14. Reprint. Published by AOAC Inc. IIII North 19th Street. 210, Arlington, Virginia 22209 USA. 2. A. OAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis 15th ed. , Association of Official and Analytical Chemists. Washington, D. C. 3 Clegg, K. M. (1958). Total available carbohydrate (anthrone method) J. Sci. Agric. , 7.40. 4. Edwards ME, C. Scott, MJ Gidley and JS Reid (1992). Control of mannose / galactose during galactomannan formation in the development of grain legumes. Planta 1992, 187:67 -74, doi10; 1007/BF00201625. 5. T. S. A. A. Gomez and Gomez (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, USA. 6. John HM, William GN, and FW Herman (1976). The role of the endosperm in the germination of legumes: galactomannan, nitrogen, phosphorus changes in the germination of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba, Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany, 63 (6), p. 790 to 797th 7. Majed BA, A. H Rashed, Mohamed EA, BH Amro and Elfadil EB (2006) Proximate composition, ant nutritional factors and protein fractions of guar gum seeds as affected by processing treatment. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5 (5): 481 -484. 8. Marina N., IT Jerez, SA, JI PX Zhao He, RA Dixon, and GD May (2007). The analysis of cDNA libraries from developing countries, guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba (L.) Taub). BMC Plant Biology 7:62 doi: 10 1186/471-2229-/7/62. 9. Marten J. J. Marcussen and Brunstedt J. (2001). Transformed in vivo modification of cell wall polysaccharide galactomannan of guar with a? -Galactosidase gene from Senna. Molecular Breeding 7:211 – 219 10. Murwan K. S. and A. H. Abdalla (2008). Yield and yield components of Forty Five Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba) Genotypes Grown in Sudan. Nile Basin Research Journal, 11 (4), 48 -54. 12. Murwan K. S (1999). Improve the yield and quality of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba). Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan. 13. Noble O., D. Perez, C. Rochas and F. Travel (989). Optical rotation of branched polysaccharides. Polymer Bulletin, 16:175 -180, doi: 10; 1007/BF00955488. / 14 T. J Painter, JJ Gonzalez and PC Hemmer (1979). In the study, the distribution of D-galactosyl in Guarantee. Carbohyd. Res 69:2. 15. Pearson, D. (1970). The chemical analysis of foods. Edn. Egon H.. Kirk R. S., Sawyer, New York. . 16. M. Price and L. L. C. Butler (1980). Tannin and nutrition. Station Bulletin No. 272 Adriculture Experiment Station. Purdue University, West Lafayette. 17th Indian Stein, Hall & Co (1962). Jaguar Guar gum Stein, Hall & Co, New York. 18. Stephen A. M., (1983). Other polysaccharides. In Aspinal G. O editor. The polysaccharides, vol. 2. New York Academic Press 1983, pp. 97 -195. 19. Thomas TA, BS DD Chopra and Dabas (1980). Guar gum has many functions. Indian Agriculture, 32 (4): 7 to 10 20. Whistler RL (1954). Guar gum, locust bean gum, and others. In: Natural Plant Hydrocolloids. Pp 45-50. American Chemistry Society, Washington, DC 21st . Yoko K. (2008). Guar gum, Chemical and Technical Assessment (CTA), 2008 – Page 1 (4). Ph. D. 69TH JECFA. Table 1: Proximate analysis of an endosperm (guar gum), guar genotypes of sex. Parameters / Samples Moisture% Protein% Ash% ether extract%% crude fiber carbohydrates X1H6 6%. 5 3. 5 0. 5 0. 5 1. 5 87. 5 X1H7 7th 4 4. 5 0. 9 0. 5 1. 4 85. 3 X2H0 4th 8 4. 4 0. 8 0. 8 1. 9 87. 3 X2H4 8th 7 4. 0 0. 7 1. 3 2. 0 83. 3 X2H6 7th 8 5. 0 0. 7 0. 8 1. 9 83. 8 X2H8 6th 8 5. 5 0. 7 1. 0 1. 4 84. 6 Each value * is obtained from two average repetitions in the dry. Table 2: Physical signs of the endosperm (guar gum), guar genotypes of sex Parameters / Samples refractive index Relative viscousty pH Specific rotation optical density (water) (4% NaCl) X1H6 1st 2337 0. 47 0. 48 5. 0 + 36 0. 035 X1H7 1st 2337 0. 29 0. 65 5. 0 + 76 0. 035 X2H0 1st 2337 0. 33 0. 45 5. 0 + 59 0. 035 X2H4 1st 2337 0. 25 0. 37 7. 0 + 75 0. 050 X2H6 1st 2337 0. 47 0. 64 6. 0 + 17 0. 040 X2H8 1st 2337 0. 20 0. 45 5. 0 + 20 0. 040 * Each value is the average obtained from two repetitions of the dry matter. Table 3: Mineral contents (K, Na, Ca, Mg, P and Fe), endosperm (guar gum), guar genotypes of sex Parameters / Samples K Na Mg Ca ppm ppm ppm Fe% P% X1H6 16 pages / min 000 65 . 000 5. 500 7. 500 15. 500 11. 000 X1H7 19th 000 100. 000 3. 500 7. 500 22. 000 26. 000 X2H0 19th 000 65. 000 3. 500 2. 500 19. 000 11. 000 X2H4 13th 000 85. 000 3. 500 4. 000 18. 000 37. 000 X2H6 16th 000 75. 000 4. 500 13. 000 17. 000 38. 000 X2H6 18th 000 55. 000 3. 500 2. 500 19. 000 15. 000 * Each value is the average obtained from two repetitions of the dry matter. Table 4: mannose, galactose and mannose to galactose ratio of the endosperm (guar gum), guar genotypes on sex samples X1H6 X1H7 X2H0 X2H4 X2H6 X2H6 mannose (M)% 70 71 67 73 70 71 galactose (G)% 30 33 33 28 30 29 M: G ratio 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 tannin mg/100 g 445 450 450 445 430 450 * Each value is the average obtained from two repetitions of the dry matter.