Biodel seeks FDA marketing approval for VIAject

Biodel Inc. (Nasdaq: BIOD) announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has accepted for review the company's new drug application (NDA) seeking approval to market VIAject® for the treatment of diabetes. VIAject® is Biodel's proprietary formulation of recombinant human insulin that is designed to be absorbed into the blood faster than currently marketed rapid-acting insulin analogs. It has been tested in more than 875 patients who participated in Phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials of the drug in the United States, Germany and India. Biodel submitted its marketing application to the FDA on December 30, 2009 and expects the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) action date for this NDA to be October 30, 2010.

 

Air Stream Dryer

Air Stream Dryer is drying plant for to dry maize, potato alike and other starch material processed by wet method after dewatering process. It's also for to dry heat sensitive powder or slice state material with fast speed.In the air stream dryer, high-speed hot air stream sustain raw material in the suspending state, then the material is dried. Since air stream speed is very high, and material is suspending in air stream, the heat transfer surface between air and solid is large, heat transfer rate is high, and drying time is short (usually within several seconds). It's specialized suitable for to drying heat sensitive materials.
In drying process, clean cool air is heated by air heater, and mixed with wet starch sent by spiral feeder and material raiser. Wet starch is dried momentarily. Dry starch is dischanged though centrifugal separator and star shape unloader. Exhaust air is let out into atmosphere.        

Effects of anthrone products

Disclosed is a process for the preparation of anthraquinodimethane derivatives and anthrone derivatives useful as electron transporting molecules which comprises the condensation reaction of anthraquinones with active methylene compounds in the presence of a Lewis acid and a base.A process for the preparation of anthraquinodimethane derivative and anthrone derivatives which consists essentially of the reaction of an anthraquinone with an active methylene compound selected from the group consisting of malononitrile, malonate, dinitromethane, and betadiketone in the presence of an organic solvent, a base, and a Lewis acid, which reaction is affected at a temperature of from about 0° C. to about 30° C.

This invention is generally directed to processes for the preparation of electron transporting compounds, and more specifically the present invention is directed to specific processes for obtaining anthraquinodimethane derivatives and related anthrone derivatives. Therefore, in one embodiment of the present invention there are prepared anthraquinone and anthrone Pharmaceutical Intermediates  derivatives by the reaction of an anthraquinodimethane with active methylene compounds, inclusive of malononitrile, in a suitable organic solvent, which reaction is accomplished in the presence of a base and a Lewis acid. The resulting anthraquinodimethane derivatives and related anthrone derivatives are useful as electron transporting compounds in imaging members containing therein a photogenerating layer. These imaging members are the claimed subject matter of a copending application U.S. Ser. No. 709,867 entitled Photoresponsive Imaging Members With Electron Transporting Layers, the disclosure of this copending application being totally incorporated herein by reference.

There is also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,865 imaging members with electron transporting layers of fluorenylidene derivatives. These electron transporting compounds differ from those of the present invention in that they are based on the fluorenone structure with a 5-member central ring; while the transporting compounds of the present invention are based on anthrone manufacturer and anthraquinone structures which contain a 6-member central ring. In addition, while the fluorenylidene derivatives are relatively planar in structure, the anthrone and anthraquinone derivatives of the present invention are buckled and assume a butterfly-like conformation.

While the above-described photoresponsive imaging members are suitable for their intended purposes there continues to be a need for improved imaging members, particularly layered imaging members, which not only generate acceptable images but which can be repeatedly used in a number of imaging cycles without deterioration thereof from the machine environment or surrounding conditions. Additionally, there continues to be a need for improved layered photoconductive imaging members wherein the materials selected are substantially inert to users of these members. Also, there continues to be a need for positively charged imaging members with electron transporting compounds. Additionally, there continues to be a need for improved photoresponsive imaging members which can be prepared with a minimum number of processing steps, and wherein the layers are sufficiently adhered to one another to allow the continuous use of these members in imaging and printing processes.

Also, there is a need for electron transport compounds which are compatible with common matrix polymers, inclusive of polycarbonates, and polyesters enabling the dispersion of these compounds to be maintained for the useful life of the layered imaging members. Moreover, there continues to be a need for a simple synthetic process for the preparation of anthrone products , and anthraquinodimethane electron transporting compounds.

A further specific object of the present invention is the provision of an improved photoresponsive imaging member containing a photogenerating layer, and in contact therewith an electron transporting layer of anthrone derivatives prepared by the processes illustrated herein.

Another specific object of the present invention is the provision of an improved photoresponsive imaging member containing a photogenerating layer, and in contact therewith an electron transporting layer of anthraquinodimethane derivatives prepared by the processes illustrated herein.

The primary object of the present invention and other related objects are accomplished by the provision of processes for the preparation of anthraquinodimethane derivatives and anthrone supplier derivatives useful as electron transporting molecules which comprises the condensation reaction of anthraquinones with active methylene compounds in the presence of a Lewis acid and a base. The aforementioned electron transporting compounds prepared in accordance with the process of the present invention are useful for incorporation into the layered photoresponsive imaging members are disclosed in the referenced copending application entitled Photoresponsive Imaging Members With Electron Transporting Layers. source:townhall|anthrone

Examples of anthrone drugs

Specific electron transporting molecules that can be prepared in accordance with the present invention are selected from the group consisting of anthrone derivatives and anthraquinodimethane derivatives of the following formulas: wherein A and B are independently selected from the group consisting of CN and COOR, wherein R is an alkyl group or an aryl group; X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, halide, hydroxy and electron withdrawing groups such as CN, NO 2 , COR, COOR, and the like, wherein R is as defined herein, and m and n are numbers of from 0 to 3.

With further reference to the process of the present invention, the condensation reaction of the anthraquinone with active methylene compounds, inclusive of malononitrile, (dicyanomethane), malonate (bis[methoxycarbonyl]methane), dinitromethane, beta diketones, and the like, is affected in a suitable organic solvent at room temperature in the presence of a base and a Lewis acid. With the proper choice of reactants, both the 11,11,12,12-tetrasubstituted anthraquinodimethane and 10-disubstituted methylene anthrone derivatives can be obtained by similar synthetic process.

More specifically, the electron transporting anthrone Pharmaceutical Intermediates   derivatives are prepared by reacting 1 mole of an anthraquinone with 1 to 1.5 moles of an active methylene compound. The aforementioned condensation is affected in the presence of an excess, generally 2 to 5 moles, of a Lewis acid such as titanium tetrachloride and an excess, generally 4 to 20 moles, of a base inclusive of pyridine. Suitable solvents for the reaction include chlorinated compounds like methylene chloride, chloroform, and 1,2-dichloroethane; and ethyl acetate. Also, this reaction is usually initially accomplished at ice-bath temperatures, and then at room temperature.

Therefore, the preparation of anthrone derivatives, which can be purified by recrystallization or by chromatography, and are characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, can be illustrated with reference to the following reaction scheme:  wherein X, Y, Z, m and n are as defined hereinbefore.

Similarly, the electron transporting anthraquinodimethane derivatives are synthesized by reacting 1 mole of an anthraquinone with 2 to 3 moles of an active methylene compounds such as malonoitrile, malonate, and the like. The aforementioned condensation is affected in the same manner with reference to the preparation of the anthrone manufacturer derivatives except that additional Lewis acid and base are employed. Generally, thus for each mole of anthraquinone, 3 to 5 moles of titanium tetrachloride, and 6 to 25 moles of pyridine were used.

Accordingly, the preparation of anthraquinodimethane derivatives, which can be purified by simple recrystallization from a suitable solvent or by chromatography, and are characterized by elemental analysis, standard spectroscopic and mass spectrometric techniques, can be illustrated by the following reaction sequence: wherein X, Y, A, m and n are as defined herein.

With further reference to the synthesis of the anthraquinodimethane derivatives with different substituents, that is, wherein the A substituent, for example, is CN, and the B substituents are COOR, at the carbon-11 and carbon-12 position, there is reacted 10-disubstituted methylene anthrones , with 1 to 1.5 moles of active methylene compounds, in accordance with the following reaction scheme (III). The aforementioned condensation is affected in the presence of an excess, generally 2 to 5 moles of a Lewis acid such as titanium tetrachloride, and an excess, generally 4 to 20 moles, of a base inclusive of pyridine. Suitable solvents for this reaction include chlorinated compounds like methylene chloride, chloroform, and 1,2-dichloroethane; and ethylacetate. Also, this reaction is usually initially accomplished at ice bath temperatures, and then at room temperature.  wherein the A substituents are COOR, the B substituents are CN, and the other substituents are as defined herein.

With regard to all the reactions illustrated herein, the reaction temperature generally ranges from about 0° to about 30° C. Electrical testing was carried out in accordance with the procedure of Example VIII. Specifically, this imaging member was positively charged to fields of 40 volts/micron and exposed to white light of wavelengths of 400 to 700 nanometers. The half decay exposure sensitivity of this device was 50 ergs/cm 2 , and its electrical properties remained substantially the same after 1,000 cycles of repeated charging and discharging.

Other modifications of the present invention may occur to those skilled in the art based upon a reading of the present disclosure and these modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

  source:townhall|anthrones

 

Compositional Characterization of Endosperm (Guar Gum) of Six Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Genotypes Grown in Sudan

Compositional Characterization of Endosperm (Guar Gum) of Six Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Genotypes Grown in Sudan * Murwan K. Sabahelkheir and ** Abdelwahab H. Abdalla * Department of Biochemistry, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al Neelain University, Sudan ** Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan. Abstract: This study was conducted in 1999, University of Khartoum. Six guar genotypes were selected from 45 genotypes grown in Sudan for study. The results revealed that the chemical compositions of endosperm of guar seed are as follow: 4. 8-8. 7% moisture, 3. 5-5. 0% protein, 0. 5-0. 9% ether extract, 0. 5-0. 8% ash, 1. 4- 2. 0% crude fiber and 83. 3-87. 5% carbohydrates while physical characters are:1. 2337 refractive indices, 0. 20-0. 47 relative viscousty (distilled water as solvent), 0. 37-. 56 relative viscousty (4% NaCL as solvent), 5. 0-7. 0 pH, +20  to +76 specific rotation and 0. 035-. 0. 050 optical density. Ash compositions of endosperm are: 13. 000-19. 000 ppm Potassium, 55. 000-100. 000 ppm Sodium, 2. 500-13. 000 % Magnesium, 15. 000-22. 000 % Phosphorus and 11. 000-38. 000 ppm Iron. The total available carbohydrates as mannose and galactose were ranged 67-73% and 28-33%, respectively. Ratio of mannose to galactose in the endosperm was 2:1. Keyword: Guar, Endosperm, Mannose and Galactose. 1. 0 Introduction Guar seed (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) composed of the hull (30 -33%), endosperm (27 -30%) and germ (43 -47%). The germ and hull of the guar seeds are known as guar meal, which rich in protein, hence used for the cattle feed. The germ has toxic effect but recently advanced research has been made on the germ to reduce its toxic effect and to make it suitable of animal consumption as a rich source of the protein (Murwan, 1999). The endosperm is commercially important part in the guar seed, as it is converted into powder gum. It contains 41% of the dry weight and acetone insoluble solids of the seed, 3 – 11% of the nitrogen and phosphorus. At least 75% of acetone insoluble solids of the endosperm are galactomannose and 12% being accounted for as pentosan, protein, pectin, phytin, ash and dilute acid insoluble residue (John, 1976). The guar crop is acquired an economic importance after the discovery of the gummy substance (Galactomannan) in its endosperm (Murwan, 2008) Galactomannans are composed of a b 1 – 4 mannan backbone with varying degree of  a 1 – 6 galactose substitution and are found in the cell wall of legume endosperm(Marten et al. , 2001). Guar seeds are a rich source of mucilage or gum which forms a viscous gel in cold water and used as an emulsifier, thickener, stabilizer in a wide range of food and industrial application (Marina et al, 2007). Guar galactomannan has a mannose to galactose( M:G) ratio of  6:1 (Edwards et al, 1992). The pure mannan without galactose is completely insoluble in the water and the increasing of galactose substitution increase the solubility of the polymer by allowing it to become attended (Noble, 1986 and Stephen, 1983). The mannose to galactose ratio is 2:1, guar gum is insoluble in organic solvent, molecular weight range is 50. 000 – 80. 000 and gum is a white to yellowish white, nearly odourless, free flowing powder with a bland taste (Yoko, 2008). Objectives of this study were estimated the proximate analysis, physical characters, minerals contents, mannose, galactose, ratio of mannose to galactose and tannin content of endosperm of sex guar genotypes grown in Sudan. 2. 0 Materials and methods 2. 1 Collection and preparation of samples: Sex guar genotypes (X1H6, X1H7, X2H0, X2H4, X2H6 and X2H8) were collected from the Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, and University of Khartoum, Sudan. The seeds of the sex guar genotypes were soaked in water for 12 hours and then hand pounded to separate the endosperm from the hull and germ. The separated endosperms were then dried at 105oC and then ground to pass 0. 2 mm screen. 2. 2 Chemical analysis: Protein, moisture, ether extract, ash, and crude fiber contents were determined as described by AOAC (1984). Carbohydrates content was determined by difference. 2. 3 Physical analysis: Refractive indices, specific rotation, relative viscousty, pH value ad optical density were determined as described by AOAC (1990). 2. 4 Ash composition: Minerals contents of endosperm were extracted according to method described by Pearson (1970). The measurement of minerals was done by using atomic absorption. 2. 5 Total available carbohydrates: Total available carbohydrates content of endosperms were determined as described in Anthrone method by Clegg (1958). Galactose and mannose dilution: 100mg of galactose were dissolved in 100 ml distilled water (1mg = 10 ml). Then 10 ml of strong galactose solution was dissolved in 100 ml distilled water to make the dilute galactose solution. The same procedure was done to make the dilute mannose Anthrone reagent (0. 1%):100 mg Anthrone was dissolved in 100 ml sulphuric acid (270 ml concentrated H2SO4 was dissolved in 300 ml distilled water). Procedure: One ml from each dilute sample, galactose and mannose was pepetted into a series of test tubes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Then 5 ml of the Anthrone reagent was added to each test tube, then content of each test tube was heated in water bath for 12 minutes and allow cooling to room temperature. Spectrophotometer was set up at 360 nm, so that the scale read zero with distilled water. Then the dilute sample, galactose and mannose were read. CHO as galactose (mannose) % =    25 X B S X A Where: B = Reading of dilute sample, A = Reading of dilute galactose (mannose) and S = Weight of origin sample 2. 6 Tannin content: Quantative estimation of tannin for each separated- endosperm was carried out using the modified vanillin-HCL in methanol method as described by Price et al (1978). A standard curve was prepared expressing the results as Catechin equivalent, i. e. amount of the catechin (mg/ml) which gives a colour intensity equivalent to that given by tannins after correction for blank. 2. 7 Statistical analysis: A test of homogeneity for error variance for each variable was done according to Gomez and Gomez (1984). 3. 0Results and discussion 3. 1 Chemical composition: Table 1 illustrated the proximate composition of endosperm of six guar genotypes seeds. The moisture content of endosperm ranged from 4. 8 – 8. 7%, which is higher than those reported by Thomas (1980) and lower than those given by Stein, Hall and Co. (1962). The results revealed that there is highly significant difference in moisture content at level (p ?0. 05). Protein content ranged 3. 5 – 5. 0%. The findings are in agreement with results given by Thomas (1980). These results indicated there is significant difference in protein content at level (p ?0. 05). Ether extract of endosperm ranged from 0. 5 – 0. 9%, which within the range reported by Maria (1988). The findings indicated that there is significant difference at level (p ?0. 05). The ash content ranged from 0. 5 – 0. 8%, which falls within range reported by Stein, Hall and Co. (1962). The results revealed there is significant difference at level (p ?0. 05). Crude fiber contents ranged from 1. 4 – 2. 0%, which is online with those range that given by Stein, Hall and Co. (1962). In addition to that there is no significant difference at level (p ?0. 05). Carbohydrates contents were varied from 83. 3 – 87. 5%, which is higher than values reported by Thomas (1980). The results revealed there is significant difference at level (p ?0. 05). 3. 2 Physical characters: Table 2 illustrated the physical characters of endosperm of six guar genotypes seeds. The mean values of refractive indices are 1. 2337. The results indicated that there is no variation in refractive indices at concentration 0. 1mg/ 100 ml for the overall endosperms. Relative viscousty of endosperm ranged from 0. 20 – 0. 47(used water as solvent) and varied from 0. 37 – 0. 65 (used 4% NaCL as solvent). It was found that relative viscousty, when 4% NaCL used as solvent, is higher than when distilled water used as solvent. This findings indicated that the relative viscosity is effected by the types of solvents The results indicated that there is significant difference in both distilled water and 4%NaCL at level (p ?0. 05). pH values varied from 5. 0 – 7. 0, which fell within range reported by Whistler (1954). The findings indicated that there is significant difference at level (p ?0. 05). Specific rotation ranged from + 20 to + 76. In addition to that there is significant difference at level (p ?0. 05). Optical density ranged from 0. 035 – 0. 050. The results revealed that there is significantly difference at level (p ?0. 05). 3. 3 Ash composition: Table 3 illustrated the ash composition of endosperm of six guar genotypes seeds. The mean value of Potassium ranged from 13. 000 – 19. 000 ppm. The findings indicated that there is no significantly difference at level (p ?0. 05). Sodium content varied from 55. 000 – 100. 000 ppm. The findings revealed that there is highly significant difference at level (p ?0. 05). Calcium mean ranged from 3. 500 – 5. 500 ppm, the results indicated that there is significant difference at level (p ?0. 05). Magnesium content varied from 2. 500 – 13. 000 %. It indicated that there is highly significant difference at level (p ?0. 05). The mean values of Phosphorus ranged from 15. 500 – 22. 000 %. The results revealed that there is highly significant difference at level (p ?0. 05). Iron content varied from 11. 000 – 38. 000 ppm. It was   revealed that there is highly significant difference at level (p ?0. 05). 3. 4 Total available Carbohydrates and tannin contents: Table 4 illustrated the total available carbohydrates and tannin content of endosperm of sex guar genotypes seeds. Total available carbohydrates as mannose ranged from 67 – 73% while the total available carbohydrates as galactose ranged from 28 – 33%. These results indicated that the mannose to galactose ratio is 2: 1, which is similar to those values given by Whistler (1954), Painter (1979) and (Yoko, 2008), but it is differ to value given by (Edwards et al, 1992). The tannin content ranged from 445 – 450 mg/100g. The similar results were reported for guar seeds soaked in water for different time intervals (Majed et al. 2006). In addition to that there is no significant difference at level (p ?0. 05). Conclusion: It is concluded that the variation in chemical, physical, ash composition, total available carbohydrate and tannin content is controlled by genetic or environment factors under which plant material were tested   Acknowledgement: Authors extremely indebted to the soul of Dr. Karmalla K. A. , Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan, to whom we express our enormous gratitude for his patience continuos guidance, meticulous and fundamental throughout this study. Reference: 1. AOAC (1984). Official methods of Analysis. 14th edition. Published by AOAC Inc. IIII North 19th Street. 210 Arlington, Virginia 22209 USA. 2. A. OAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis 15th ed. , Association of Official and Analytical Chemists. Washington, D. C. 3. Clegg K. M. (1958). In total available carbohydrates (Anthrone method) J. Sci. Agric. , 7:40. 4. Edwards M. E. , C. Scott, M. J. Gidley and J. S. Reid (1992). Control of mannose / galactose during galactomannan formation in developing legume seeds. Planta 1992; 187:67 -74, doi10; 1007/BF00201625. 5. Gomez T. P. and A. A. Gomez (1984). Statistical Procedure for Agriculture Research . John Wiley and Sons Inc.   New York, USA. 6. John H. M. , G. N. William and F. W. Herman (1976). The Role of the Endosperm in the Germination of Legumes: Galactomannan, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Change in the Germination of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba; Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany, 63(6), pp 790 – 797. 7. Majed B. A. , A. H Rashed, E. A. Mohamed, B. H. Amro and E. B. Elfadil (2006) Proximate Composition , Ant nutritional Factors and Protein Fractions of Guar Gum Seeds as influenced by processing Treatment. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5(5):481 -484. 8. Marina N. , I. T. Jerez, S. A. , J. I. He, P. X. Zhao, R. A. Dixon, and G. D. May (2007). Analysis of cDNA libraries from developing seeds of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba (L. ) Taub). BMC Plant Biology 7:62 doi:10. 1186/471-2229-/7/62. 9. Marten J. J. Marcussen and J. Brunstedt (2001). In vivo modification of the cell wall polysaccharide galactomannan of guar transformed with a ? –galactosidase gene from senna. Molecular Breeding 7:211 – 219. 10. Murwan K. S. and A. H. Abdalla (2008). Yield and Yield Components of Forty Five Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba) Genotypes Grown in Sudan. Nile Basin Research Journal, 11(4); 48 -54. 12. Murwan K. S (1999). Improvement of Yield and Quality of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba). Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan. 13. Noble O. , D. Perez, C. Rochas and F. Travel (989). Optical rotation of branched polysaccharides. Polymer Bulletin, 16:175 -180, doi, 10;1007/BF00955488. / 14. Painter T. J, J. J. Gonzalez and P. C. Hemmer (1979). In study distribution of D- galactosyl in Guaran. Carbohyd. Res. 69:2. 15. Pearson D. (1970). The Chemical Analysis of Food. Edn. by Egon H. . , Kirk R. S. , Sawyer, New York. . 16. Price M. L. and L. C. Butler (1980). Tannin and Nutrition . Station Bulletin No. 272. Adriculture Experiment Station . Purdue University, West Lafayette. Indian 17. Stein, Hall and Co (1962). Jaguar guar gum Stein, Hall and Co, New York. 18. Stephen A. M. , (1983). Other polysaccharides . In Aspinal G. O editor. The polysaccharides, Vol. 2. New York Academic Press 1983; pp. 97 -195. 19. Thomas T. A. , B. S. Dabas and D. D. Chopra (1980). Guar gum has many uses. Indian Farming, 32(4): 7 – 10. 20. Whistler R. L. (1954). Guar gum, Locust bean, and others. In: Natural Plant Hydrocolloids. Pp. 45 – 50. American Chemistry Society, Washington, D. C. 21. . Yoko K. (2008). Guar Gum, Chemical Technical Assessment (CTA), 2008- Page 1(4). Ph. D. 69TH JECFA. Table1: Proximate analysis of an endosperm (Guar Gum) of sex guar genotypes. Parameters / Samples Moisture % Protein % Ether extract % Ash % Crude fiber % Carbohydrates % X1H6 6. 5 3. 5 0. 5 0. 5 1. 5 87. 5 X1H7 7. 4 4. 5 0. 9 0. 5 1. 4 85. 3 X2H0 4. 8 4. 4 0. 8 0. 8 1. 9 87. 3 X2H4 8. 7 4. 0 0. 7 1. 3 2. 0 83. 3 X2H6 7. 8 5. 0 0. 7 0. 8 1. 9 83. 8 X2H8 6. 8 5. 5 0. 7 1. 0 1. 4 84. 6 * Each value is average of two replicates expressed on dry weight basis. Table 2: Physical characters of endosperm (Guar Gum) of sex guar genotypes Parameters / Samples Refractive indices Relative viscousty pH Specific rotation Optical density (water) (4% NaCL) X1H6 1. 2337 0. 47 0. 48 5. 0 + 36 0. 035 X1H7 1. 2337 0. 29 0. 65 5. 0 + 76 0. 035 X2H0 1. 2337 0. 33 0. 45 5. 0 + 59 0. 035 X2H4 1. 2337 0. 25 0. 37 7. 0 + 75 0. 050 X2H6 1. 2337 0. 47 0. 64 6. 0 + 17 0. 040 X2H8 1. 2337 0. 20 0. 45 5. 0 + 20 0. 040 * Each value is average of two replicates expressed on dry weight basis. Table 3: Mineral contents (K, Na, Ca, Mg, P and Fe) of endosperm (Guar Gum) of sex guar genotypes Parameters / Samples K ppm Na ppm Ca ppm Mg % P % Fe ppm X1H6 16. 000 65. 000 5. 500 7. 500 15. 500 11. 000 X1H7 19. 000 100. 000 3. 500 7. 500 22. 000 26. 000 X2H0 19. 000 65. 000 3. 500 2. 500 19. 000 11. 000 X2H4 13. 000 85. 000 3. 500 4. 000 18. 000 37. 000 X2H6 16. 000 75. 000 4. 500 13. 000 17. 000 38. 000 X2H6 18. 000 55. 000 3. 500 2. 500 19. 000 15. 000 *Each value is average of two replicates expressed on dry weight basis. Table 4: Mannose, galactose and ratio of mannose to galactose of endosperm (Guar Gum) of sex guar genotypes Samples X1H6 X1H7 X2H0 X2H4 X2H6 X2H6 Mannose (M) % 70 71 67 73 70 71 Galactose(G) % 30 33 33 28 30 29 M : G  ratio 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 Tannin content mg/100 g 445 450 450 445 430 450 * Each value is average of two replicates expressed on dry weight basis.

Acetamiprid Compositions for Control Pests

In accordance with the present invention, it has now been found that a new insecticidal composition significantly improves knockdown and mortality rates to general household pests. Specifically, an insecticidal composition containing a mixture of bifenthrin and acetamiprid , results in a continuous chemical barrier that provides both high knockdown and mortality rates to general household pests. Other aspects of the present invention will also be apparent.

The Asian stink bug (Halyomorpha halys), also commonly known as the brown marmorated stink bug, is an insect pest that can be a significant problem in back yards and gardens. Originally from Asia as its name suggests, the Asian stink bug can damage and kill plants and may destroy fruit crops. It can also produce a horrible odor when disturbed or crushed. To protect your vegetables, flowers and shrubs, get rid of this pest if it's infesting your property.

It has now been unexpectedly found that an insecticidal composition containing bifenthrin and acetamiprid, results in high knockdown and mortality rates when applied to general household pests. A preferred liquid insecticide composition of the present invention is comprised of from 0.001% by weight to 0.12% by weight of bifenthrin and from 0.001% by weight to 0.20% by weight of acetamiprids .

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for controlling general household pests comprising applying an insecticidally effective amount of a composition comprised of bifenthrin and acetamiprid to a locus where general household pest control is needed or expected to be needed. Preferred general household pests are selected from German cockroach, American cockroach, Smokey-Brown cockroach, Oriental cockroach, house fly, biting fly, filth fly, red imported fire ant (RIFA), odorous house ant, carpenter ant, pharaoh ant, Argentine ant, mosquito, tick, flea, sowbug, pillbug, centipede, spider, silverfish, scorpion and bed bug. Preferred locus or loci are selected from a general household pest-infested structure, a structure that is expected to be general household pest-infested, or a location adjacent to the structures.

Remove the stink bugs manually from your garden plants, shrubs and flowers. This technique is best for limited Asian stink bug infestations. Fill a bucket with soapy water. Place the bucket under your plants, and shake the plants to knock the bugs off and into the water.
Repel the stink bugs by making your plants taste undesirable to them. Mix a solution of equal parts water and liquid dish soap. Spritz the solution onto your plants.

The amount of each insecticide in the composition can be varied over a wide range depending upon the target pest and the level of control desired. For controlling German cockroaches, a preferred liquid insecticide composition of the present invention is comprised of 0.001% by weight to 0.06% by weight of bifenthrin and 0.005% by weight to 0.10% by weight of acetamiprid manufacturer . For controlling Red Imported Fire Ants, a preferred liquid insecticide composition of the present invention is comprised of 0.0575% by weight to 0.0625% by weight of bifenthrin and 0.025% by weight to 0.05% by weight of acetamiprid. For controlling house flies, a preferred liquid insecticide composition of the present invention is comprised of 0.001% by weight to 0.005% by weight of bifenthrin and 0.01% by weight to 0.02% by weight of acetamiprid. For controlling bed bugs, a preferred liquid insecticide composition of the present invention is comprised of 0.0575% by weight to 0.0625% by weight of bifenthrin and 0.025% by weight to 0.05% by weight of acetamiprid.

Treat your landscape with an insecticide to kill the stink bugs. This option is ideal for widespread outdoor stinkbug infestations and will quickly reduce their population. A standard insecticide formulated with acetamiprid can be used on vegetables, while a bifenthrin or cyfluthrin insecticide can be used on ornamental trees or shrubs. Apply the insecticide carefully, according to the manufacturer's instructions, as spray solutions vary in toxicity.

Treat your landscape with an insecticide to kill the stink bugs. This option is ideal for widespread outdoor stinkbug infestations and will quickly reduce their population. A standard insecticide formulated with acetamiprid can be used on vegetables, while a bifenthrin or cyfluthrin insecticide can be used on ornamental trees or shrubs. Apply the insecticide carefully, according to the manufacturer's instructions, as spray solutions vary in toxicity.

Prevent the stink bugs from entering your home. This is a common problem during the fall season when the stink bugs begin searching for shelter from the cold. Inspect your home's exterior for potential access points, like vents, windows and door frames. Cover access points with screens, or seal them shut with caulk.
Kill stink bugs that may have entered your home or begun congregating on your home's exterior walls. Inside, use a standard household insecticide, such as those made by Raid. Outside, use a pesticide spray designed for application on household structures, such as sprays formulated with deltamethrin or a-cyhalothrin.

 
 

 
 

source:blog|acetamiprid

Compositional Characterization of Endosperm (Guar Gum) of Six Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Genotypes Grown in Sudan

Compositional characterization of endosperm (guar gum) from Six guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Genotypes Grown in Sudan * Murwan K. Sabahelkheir H. Abdelwahab Abdallah ** and * Department of Biochemistry, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al Neelain University, Sudan ** Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan. Abstract: This study was conducted in 1999, University of Khartoum. Six guar genotypes were grown in the Sudan from 45 genotypes selected for the study. The results showed that of the chemical composition of the endosperm of guar seed as follows: 4 8-8. 7% moisture, 3 5-5. 0% protein, 0 5-0. 9% ether extract, 0 5-0. 8% ash, 1 4-2. 0% crude fiber and 83 3-87. 5% carbohydrates during physical signs are: 1 2337 refractive index, 0 20-0. 47 relative viscousty (distilled water as a solvent), 0 37 -. 56 relative viscousty (4% NaCl as a solvent), 5 0-7. 0 pH value, from 20 to 76 specific rotation, and 0 -. 035 0. 050 optical density. Ash compositions of endosperm are: 13 000-19. 000 ppm potassium, 55 000-100. 000 ppm sodium, 2 500-13. 000% magnesium, 15 000-22. 000% phosphorus and 11 000-38. 000 ppm of iron. The total available carbohydrates such as mannose and galactose were ranged 67-73% and 28-33%, respectively. Ratio of mannose to galactose was 2:1 in the endosperm. Keywords: Guar, endosperm, mannose and galactose. 1. 0 Introduction guar seed (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) of the trunk (30 -33%), endosperm (27 -30%) and Keim (43 -47%) together. The germ and hull of the guar as guar flour, rich in protein, will be used for animal feed known. The seed has toxic effects, but lately advanced research was carried out on the seeds to reduce its toxic effect and the proper animal nutrition as a rich source of protein (Murwan, 1999). The endosperm is commercially important role in guar seeds, since it is converted into powder rubber. It contains 41% of dry matter and acetone insoluble solids from the seed, 3 to 11% of the nitrogen and phosphorus. At least 75% of acetone insoluble solids of the endosperm are galactomannose and 12% being accounted for as pentosans, protein, pectin, phytin, ash, and dilute acid insoluble residue (John, 1976). The Guar is a crop gained economic importance after the discovery of rubber-like substance (galactomannan) in its endosperm (Murwan, 2008) galactomannans are together from 1 to 4 mannan backbone with varying degrees on a 1 to 6 of galactose substitution and found in the cell walls of legume endosperm (Marten et al., 2001). Guar seeds are a rich source of mucilage or gum which forms a viscous gel in cold water and an emulsifier, thickener, stabilizer in a wide range of food and industrial application uses (Marina et al, 2007). Guar galactomannan has a mannose to galactose (M: G) ratio of 6:1 (Edwards et al, 1992). Pure mannan without galactose is completely insoluble in water and the increasing substitution of galactose to increase the solubility of the polymer, by attending (Noble, 1986 and Stephen, have become) 1983. The mannose to galactose ratio of 2:1, guar gum is insoluble in organic solvents, molecular weight range is 50 000-80. 000 and rubber is a white to yellowish white, nearly odorless, free flowing powder with a mild flavor (Yoko, 2008). Objectives of this study were estimated to have grown the next analysis, physical properties of minerals content, mannose, galactose, mannose, galactose, and ratio of tannin content of endosperm of guar sex genotypes in Sudan. 2. 0 Material and Methodology 2 1 collection and processing of samples: Sex guar genotypes (X1H6, X1H7, X2H0, X2H4, X2H6 and X2H8) were collected by the Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, and the University of Khartoum, Sudan. The seeds of the guar sex genotypes were soaked in water for 12 hours and then slapped his hand to separate the endosperm from the hull and germ. The separated endosperm were then dried at 105oC and then ground to go to 0. 2 mm sieve. 2. 2 Chemical analysis: protein, moisture, ether extract, ash and crude fiber content was determined described by AOAC (1984). Carbohydrate content was calculated by difference. 2. 3 Physical Analysis: refractive indices, determined the specific rotation, relative viscousty, pH value was ad-optical density, described by AOAC (1990). 2. 4 Ash composition: mineral content of endosperm were extracted by the method of Pearson (described 1970). The measurement of minerals was done using atomic absorption. 2. 5 Total available carbohydrates: total available carbohydrate content of the endosperm have been identified and described in the anthrone method of Clegg (1958). Galactose and mannose dilution: 100 mg of galactose were dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water (1 mg = 10 ml). Then 10 ml of a strong galactose solution was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water to dilute the solution of galactose. The same procedure was done to dilute the mannose anthrone reagent (0. 1%): 100 mg anthrone in 100 ml of sulfuric acid solution (270 ml concentrated H2SO4 was dissolved in 300 ml distilled water). Procedure: One ml of each diluted sample, galactose and mannose in a series of test tubes 1, 2 a.m. to 3 p.m., respectively pepetted. Then 5 ml of anthrone reagent was added each test tube, then contents of each test tube was heated in a water bath for 12 minutes and allow to cool to room temperature. Spectrophotometer at 360 nm was set up so that the scale zero map with distilled water. Then read the diluted sample, galactose and mannose were. CHO-galactose (mannose)% = 25 XBSXA Where: B = Reading diluted sample, A = Reading dilute galactose (mannose) and S = weight of sample 2 sources. 6 tannin: Quantitative determination of tannin was for each separate endosperm described using the modified vanillin-HCl in methanol method by Price et al (performed 1978). A standard curve was prepared to express the results as catechin equivalent, ie amount of catechin is (mg / ml), corresponding to a color intensity that given by tannins after correcting for blank. 2. 7 Statistical Analysis: A test of homogeneity of error variance for each variable was done according to Gomez and Gomez (1984). 3. 0Results and discussion 3rd 1 Chemical composition: Table 1 shows the composition of the next six genotypes endosperm of guar seeds. The moisture content of the endosperm ranged from 4th 8-8. 7% which is higher than that of Thomas (1980) and given less than reported by Stein, Hall and Co. (1962). The results showed that highly significant difference in moisture content at the level of (p? 0. 05). Protein content was 3rd 5 to 5 0%. The results are given in agreement with the results of Thomas (1980). These results showed there are significant differences in protein at the level of (p? 0. 05). Ether extract of endosperm ranged from 0 5 to 0 9% reported in the area of Mary (1988). The findings indicated that significant differences at the level of (p? 0. 05). The ash content ranged from 0 5 to 0 8%, within the range reported by Stein, Hall and Co. (1962), falls. The results showed a significant difference exists at the level of (p? 0. 05). Crude fiber content ranged from 1 4-2. 0%, which is online with this area of the stone, Hall and Co. (1962). Moreover, there is no significant difference in the level of (p? 0. 05). Carbohydrate content was of 83 can be varied. 3-87. 5%, is higher than the values of Thomas (1980) reported. The results showed a significant difference exists at the level of (p? 0. 05). 3. 2 Physical signs: Table 2 illustrates the physical properties of guar seed endosperm of six genotypes. The average values of the refractive index are: 1 2337. The results showed that there were no differences in refractive indices of concentration 0 1 mg / 100 ml for the entire endosperm. Relative viscousty the endosperm ranged from 0 20 to 0 47 (water as a solvent) and used different from 0. 37 to 0 65 (used 4% NaCl) as solvent. It was found that the relative viscousty is used in 4% NaCl as a solvent, is higher than that used distilled water as a solvent. These findings indicated that the relative viscosity revealed by the types of solvents, the results indicate that there are important differences in distilled water and 4% NaCl at the level of (p? 0 for. 05). pH values vary from 5th 0 – 7 0, the report within reach of Whistler (1954), fell. The findings indicated that significant differences at the level of (p? 0. 05). Specific rotation ranged from + 20 to + 76. In addition, there are significant differences at the level (p? 0. 05). Optical density ranges from 0 035-0. 050. The results showed that significant differences at the level of (p? 0. 05). 3. 3 Ash composition: Table 3 illustrates the composition of the ashes of six genotypes endosperm of guar seeds. The average range of 13 potassium. 000-19. 000 ppm. The findings indicated that there was no difference in the level significantly (p? 0. 05). Sodium content varies of 55 000-100. 000 ppm. The results showed that highly significant difference in the level of (p? 0. 05). Calcium from 3 were mean. 500-5. 500 ppm, gave the results that there were significant differences at the level (p? 0. 05). Magnesium content varies from 2 500-13. 000%. She pointed out that highly significant difference in the level of (p? 0. 05). The average values of phosphorus ranged from 15 500-22. 000%. The results showed that highly significant difference in the level of (p? 0. 05). Iron content varies from 11 000-38. 000 ppm. It turned out that it is highly significant difference in the level of (p? 0. 05). 3. 4 Total available carbohydrates and tannin content: Table 4 illustrates the total available carbohydrates and tannin content of endosperm of guar genotypes sex semen. Total available carbohydrates such as mannose ranged from 67 to 73%, while the total available carbohydrates such as galactose ranging from 28 to 33%. These results showed that the mannose to galactose ratio is 2: 1, these values up to Whistler (1954), Painter (1979) and (Yoko, given in 2008) is similar, but it is distinguished from (Edwards et al value 1992). The tanning was mg/100g 445 to 450. The results were similar for guar seeds soaked in water for different time intervals have been reported (Majed et al. 2006). Moreover, there is no significant difference in the level of (p? 0. 05). Conclusion: It is noted that the different chemical, physical, ash composition, total available carbohydrate and tannin content is controlled by genetic or environmental factors, among which plant material were tested Confirmation: Authors very grateful to the soul of Dr. Karmalla KA Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan, to which we express our thanks for his enormous patience continuous advice, careful and fundamental freedoms throughout the study. Reference: 1 AOAC (1984). Official Methods of Analysis. 14. Reprint. Published by AOAC Inc. IIII North 19th Street. 210, Arlington, Virginia 22209 USA. 2. A. OAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis 15th ed. , Association of Official and Analytical Chemists. Washington, D. C. 3 Clegg, K. M. (1958). Total available carbohydrate (anthrone method) J. Sci. Agric. , 7.40. 4. Edwards ME, C. Scott, MJ Gidley and JS Reid (1992). Control of mannose / galactose during galactomannan formation in the development of grain legumes. Planta 1992, 187:67 -74, doi10; 1007/BF00201625. 5. T. S. A. A. Gomez and Gomez (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, USA. 6. John HM, William GN, and FW Herman (1976). The role of the endosperm in the germination of legumes: galactomannan, nitrogen, phosphorus changes in the germination of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba, Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany, 63 (6), p. 790 to 797th 7. Majed BA, A. H Rashed, Mohamed EA, BH Amro and Elfadil EB (2006) Proximate composition, ant nutritional factors and protein fractions of guar gum seeds as affected by processing treatment. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5 (5): 481 -484. 8. Marina N., IT Jerez, SA, JI PX Zhao He, RA Dixon, and GD May (2007). The analysis of cDNA libraries from developing countries, guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba (L.) Taub). BMC Plant Biology 7:62 doi: 10 1186/471-2229-/7/62. 9. Marten J. J. Marcussen and Brunstedt J. (2001). Transformed in vivo modification of cell wall polysaccharide galactomannan of guar with a? -Galactosidase gene from Senna. Molecular Breeding 7:211 – 219 10. Murwan K. S. and A. H. Abdalla (2008). Yield and yield components of Forty Five Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba) Genotypes Grown in Sudan. Nile Basin Research Journal, 11 (4), 48 -54. 12. Murwan K. S (1999). Improve the yield and quality of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba). Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan. 13. Noble O., D. Perez, C. Rochas and F. Travel (989). Optical rotation of branched polysaccharides. Polymer Bulletin, 16:175 -180, doi: 10; 1007/BF00955488. / 14 T. J Painter, JJ Gonzalez and PC Hemmer (1979). In the study, the distribution of D-galactosyl in Guarantee. Carbohyd. Res 69:2. 15. Pearson, D. (1970). The chemical analysis of foods. Edn. Egon H.. Kirk R. S., Sawyer, New York. . 16. M. Price and L. L. C. Butler (1980). Tannin and nutrition. Station Bulletin No. 272 Adriculture Experiment Station. Purdue University, West Lafayette. 17th Indian Stein, Hall & Co (1962). Jaguar Guar gum Stein, Hall & Co, New York. 18. Stephen A. M., (1983). Other polysaccharides. In Aspinal G. O editor. The polysaccharides, vol. 2. New York Academic Press 1983, pp. 97 -195. 19. Thomas TA, BS DD Chopra and Dabas (1980). Guar gum has many functions. Indian Agriculture, 32 (4): 7 to 10 20. Whistler RL (1954). Guar gum, locust bean gum, and others. In: Natural Plant Hydrocolloids. Pp 45-50. American Chemistry Society, Washington, DC 21st . Yoko K. (2008). Guar gum, Chemical and Technical Assessment (CTA), 2008 – Page 1 (4). Ph. D. 69TH JECFA. Table 1: Proximate analysis of an endosperm (guar gum), guar genotypes of sex. Parameters / Samples Moisture% Protein% Ash% ether extract%% crude fiber carbohydrates X1H6 6%. 5 3. 5 0. 5 0. 5 1. 5 87. 5 X1H7 7th 4 4. 5 0. 9 0. 5 1. 4 85. 3 X2H0 4th 8 4. 4 0. 8 0. 8 1. 9 87. 3 X2H4 8th 7 4. 0 0. 7 1. 3 2. 0 83. 3 X2H6 7th 8 5. 0 0. 7 0. 8 1. 9 83. 8 X2H8 6th 8 5. 5 0. 7 1. 0 1. 4 84. 6 Each value * is obtained from two average repetitions in the dry. Table 2: Physical signs of the endosperm (guar gum), guar genotypes of sex Parameters / Samples refractive index Relative viscousty pH Specific rotation optical density (water) (4% NaCl) X1H6 1st 2337 0. 47 0. 48 5. 0 + 36 0. 035 X1H7 1st 2337 0. 29 0. 65 5. 0 + 76 0. 035 X2H0 1st 2337 0. 33 0. 45 5. 0 + 59 0. 035 X2H4 1st 2337 0. 25 0. 37 7. 0 + 75 0. 050 X2H6 1st 2337 0. 47 0. 64 6. 0 + 17 0. 040 X2H8 1st 2337 0. 20 0. 45 5. 0 + 20 0. 040 * Each value is the average obtained from two repetitions of the dry matter. Table 3: Mineral contents (K, Na, Ca, Mg, P and Fe), endosperm (guar gum), guar genotypes of sex Parameters / Samples K Na Mg Ca ppm ppm ppm Fe% P% X1H6 16 pages / min 000 65 . 000 5. 500 7. 500 15. 500 11. 000 X1H7 19th 000 100. 000 3. 500 7. 500 22. 000 26. 000 X2H0 19th 000 65. 000 3. 500 2. 500 19. 000 11. 000 X2H4 13th 000 85. 000 3. 500 4. 000 18. 000 37. 000 X2H6 16th 000 75. 000 4. 500 13. 000 17. 000 38. 000 X2H6 18th 000 55. 000 3. 500 2. 500 19. 000 15. 000 * Each value is the average obtained from two repetitions of the dry matter. Table 4: mannose, galactose and mannose to galactose ratio of the endosperm (guar gum), guar genotypes on sex samples X1H6 X1H7 X2H0 X2H4 X2H6 X2H6 mannose (M)% 70 71 67 73 70 71 galactose (G)% 30 33 33 28 30 29 M: G ratio 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 tannin mg/100 g 445 450 450 445 430 450 * Each value is the average obtained from two repetitions of the dry matter.

Remarkable Effects of Fat Loss on the Immune System

 

Australian scientists have for the first time that even modest weight loss often seen many adverse changes in immune cells of obese people, especially those detected with reverse type 2 diabetes.

 

The immune system consists of several types of cells that the body against bacteria, viruses and other intruders out. These cells must be able to coexist in balance for good health should be maintained. Many factors, including diet and excess body fat can be tipped the scales, the development of immune system cells that can attack instead of protecting it with our bodies.

 

It has long been known that excess body fat, particularly abdominal fat triggers the production of pro-inflammatory immune cells that circulate in the blood and can damage our bodies. Moreover, other inflammatory immune cells such as macrophages called, are also activated in the fat tissue.

 

Conducted by Dr. Alex Viardot and Associate Professor Katherine Samaras Sydney Garvan Institute of Medical Research, the results showed a 80% reduction in T-helper cells pro-inflammatory, as well as reduced activation of other immune cells in the circulation (cells T-cells, monocytes and neutrophils ) and diminished activity of the macrophages in adipose tissue. Are in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, now published online.

 

Obesity and diseases affect 50% of adult Australians with obesity are the leading cause of type 2 diabetes and certain cancers, Associate Professor, said Samaras.

 

Garvan The study confirms the message we hear regularly in order to optimize your health, keep your weight and height in the healthy range.